How it works

How a softener works

Hard water leaves scale in pipes, heaters and appliances. A softener swaps the minerals that cause it for sodium.

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Illustration: a water softener seen inside. A tall resin tank full of tiny beads stands beside a shorter brine tank.
Illustration
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A simplified drawing of resin beads inside a softener, not to scale. Amber hollow diamonds stand for the minerals that cause scale; they stick to the beads as water flows past, and sodium goes into the water in their place. When the beads are cleaned, a salt solution washes the minerals off and carries them to the drain.

Minerals on resin beads

Softening

Hard water flows past the beads. The minerals that cause scale stick to them, and sodium goes into the water in their place.

Cleaning the beads

A salt solution from the brine tank washes over the beads. It takes the minerals off and rinses them to the drain.

  • Minerals that cause scale
  • Sodium
  • Resin bead

Simplified

What scale is

Scale is the hard, chalky layer that forms when hard water is heated or dries.

It builds up in kettles, water heaters, pipes, coffee machines and shower heads.

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Two kinds of salt

The salt you add to the brine tank is not the same as dissolved salts in water.

  • The salt in the brine tank

    It makes a salt solution that cleans the resin beads, and the rinse goes to the drain.

  • Dissolved salts in water

    The minerals already in your water. Reverse osmosis is what holds back most of those.

How reverse osmosis works

Where a softener suits

  • Villas

    Less scale in water heaters, pipes, taps and showers across the house.

  • Cafés and restaurants

    Less scale in coffee machines, ice makers and dishwashers.

  • Hotels

    Softening sized to the building, for kitchens, laundries and rooms.

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